{"id":280,"date":"2018-05-02T20:13:32","date_gmt":"2018-05-02T18:13:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/?page_id=280"},"modified":"2025-11-16T14:10:45","modified_gmt":"2025-11-16T13:10:45","slug":"rappels-et-definitions-en-genetique","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/index.php\/terminales\/specialite-2\/la-transmission-des-caracteres-lors-de-la-reproduction-sexuee-meiose-et-fecondation\/rappels-et-definitions-en-genetique\/","title":{"rendered":"Rappels et d\u00e9finitions en g\u00e9n\u00e9tique"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

D\u00c9FINITIONS<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

Rappels g\u00e9n\u00e9raux de g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u2022 ADN<\/strong><\/span> :<\/span> Mol\u00e9cule form\u00e9e de nucl\u00e9otides et d\u00e9finissant les caract\u00e8res d\u2019un individu.<\/span>
\n \u2022 Chromosome <\/strong>:<\/span> Portion d’ADN condens\u00e9<\/span>
\n \u2022 G\u00e8ne<\/strong> :<\/span> Portion de chromosome (donc d\u2019ADN) d\u00e9terminant un caract\u00e8re (Ex : g\u00e8ne couleur des yeux de la drosophile)<\/span>
\n \u2022 All\u00e8le<\/strong> :<\/span> Version d\u2019un g\u00e8ne (Exemple : Pour le g\u00e8ne pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent, il existe les all\u00e8les : Blanc, rouge, marron \u2026.)<\/span>
\n \u2022 Ph\u00e9notype <\/strong>:<\/span> Ensemble des caract\u00e8res d’un individu<\/span>
\n \u2022 G\u00e9notype <\/strong>:<\/span> Ensemble des all\u00e8les d’un individu<\/span>
\n \u2022 Caryotype <\/strong>:<\/span> Ensemble ordonn\u00e9 des chromosomes d’un individu<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 Cellules somatiques<\/strong> :<\/span> Toutes les cellules d\u2019un individu qui ne sont pas impliqu\u00e9es dans la reproduction<\/span>
\n \u2022 Cellules germinales<\/strong> :<\/span> Cellules impliqu\u00e9es dans la reproduction : Gam\u00e8tes et cellules m\u00e8res des gam\u00e8tes.<\/span>
\n \u2022 Gam\u00e8tes<\/strong> :<\/span> Cellules haplo\u00efdes impliqu\u00e9es dans la reproduction (spermatozo\u00efdes et ovules pour les animaux)<\/span>
\n \u2022 Diplo\u00efde<\/strong> :<\/span> Cellule qui poss\u00e8de 2 exemplaires de chaque chromosome (caryotype de type 2n = \u2026)<\/span>
\n \u2022 Haplo\u00efde <\/strong>:<\/span> Cellule qui poss\u00e8de 1 seul exemplaire de chaque chromosome (caryotype de type n = \u2026) Chez les humains les seules cellules haplo\u00efdes sont les gam\u00e8tes (spermatozo\u00efdes et ovules)<\/span><\/p>\n

Les chromosomes<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u2022 Chromosomes homologues <\/strong>:<\/span> Chromosomes d’une m\u00eame paire<\/span>
\n \u2022 Chromatide <\/strong>:<\/span> \u00ab\u00a0Bras\u00a0\u00bb d’un chromosome.<\/span>
\n \u2022 Chromosome double = Chromosome bichromatidien <\/strong>:<\/span> Chromosome poss\u00e9dant 2 chromatides<\/span>
\n \u2022 Chromosome simple <\/strong>:<\/span> Chromosome poss\u00e9dant 1 chromatide<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Les anomalies du caryotype<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u2022 Trisomie <\/strong>:<\/span> Anomalie du caryotype consistant \u00e0 avoir 3 exemplaires d’un chromosome au lieu de 2<\/span>
\n \u2022 Monosomie <\/strong>:<\/span> Anomalie du caryotype consistant \u00e0 avoir 1 seul exemplaire d’un chromosome au lieu de 2<\/span>
\n \u2022 Aneuplo\u00efdie <\/strong>:<\/span> Anomalie du nombre de chromosome d’un caryotype : Les trisomies et monosomies sont des exemples d’aneuplo\u00efdie<\/span><\/p>\n

L’ADN et les mutations g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques<\/strong><\/span>
\nL\u2019ADN est form\u00e9 de nucl\u00e9otides<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2022 Nucl\u00e9otide : <\/span><\/span><\/strong>Mol\u00e9cule formant l’ADN et constitu\u00e9e : d’un sucre (le d\u00e9soxyribose), une base azot\u00e9e et d’un groupement phosphate. <\/span>
\nIl y a quatre types de bases azot\u00e9es (Ad\u00e9nine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine) et donc 4 types de nucl\u00e9otides.
\nL\u2019ordre des nucl\u00e9otides d\u00e9termine le \u00ab message \u00bb g\u00e9n\u00e9tique.<\/p>\n

Des mutations,<\/strong><\/span> c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire des modifications de l\u2019ordre des nucl\u00e9otides, apparaissent spontan\u00e9ment. Ces mutations peuvent \u00eatre des :
\n– D\u00e9l\u00e9tions : Un nucl\u00e9otide est enlev\u00e9
\n– Insertions : Un nucl\u00e9otide est ajout\u00e9
\n– Substitutions. : Un nucl\u00e9otide est remplac\u00e9 par un autre
\nCes mutations cr\u00e9ent de nouveaux all\u00e8les, qui sont r\u00e9partis al\u00e9atoirement lors de la m\u00e9iose.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Duplication : <\/strong><\/span> Copie d’un g\u00e8ne. <\/span>
\n \u2022 D\u00e9l\u00e9tion : <\/strong><\/span> Retrait d’un g\u00e8ne <\/span>
\n \u2022 Translocation : <\/strong><\/span> D\u00e9placement d’un g\u00e8ne sur un autre chromosome <\/span>
\n\"\"\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \"\"
\nMini manuel de Biologie cellulaire – JM. Petit<\/em><\/p>\n

\u2022 Famille multig\u00e9nique :<\/strong><\/span> Ensemble de g\u00e8nes issus d\u2019un m\u00eame g\u00e8ne ancestral, qui a pu \u00eatre dupliqu\u00e9, transloqu\u00e9 et\/ou mut\u00e9.
\n \u2022 Polyploidisation :<\/strong><\/span> Multiplication du nombre de chromosome d’un individu, suite \u00e0 une anomalie de m\u00e9iose.<\/p>\n

Biodiversit\u00e9 et \u00e9volution des esp\u00e8ces <\/span>
\n \u2022 Biodiversit\u00e9 : <\/strong><\/span>Ensemble des \u00eatres vivants cohabitant dans un m\u00eame milieu <\/span>
\n \u2022 Population :<\/strong><\/span> Ensemble d\u2019\u00eatres vivants d\u2019une m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce qui cohabitent dans un milieu et qui vont donc se reproduire davantage entre eux qu\u2019avec d\u2019autres populations.<\/span>
\n \u2022 Evolution :<\/strong><\/span> Modification des caract\u00e9ristiques d\u2019une esp\u00e8ce ou d\u2019une population par cr\u00e9ation de diversit\u00e9 puis transmission de cette diversit\u00e9 par d\u00e9rive g\u00e9n\u00e9tique et s\u00e9lection naturelle<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 Avantage s\u00e9lectif :<\/strong><\/span> caract\u00e8re permettant \u00e0 son porteur de survivre davantage que les autres individus, et donc de se reproduire davantage<\/span>
\n \u2022 Pression de s\u00e9lection :<\/strong><\/span> Param\u00e8tre de l’environnement qui emp\u00e8che une partie de la population de se reproduire autant que les autres individus <\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 Sp\u00e9ciation :<\/strong><\/span> Apparition d’une nouvelle esp\u00e8ce \u00e0 partir d’une population existante <\/span>
\n \u2022 Isolement reproducteur :<\/strong><\/span> Impossibilit\u00e9 pour deux populations (ou deux individus) de se reproduire l’une avec l’autre <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

D\u00c9FINITIONS Rappels g\u00e9n\u00e9raux de g\u00e9n\u00e9tique \u2022 ADN : Mol\u00e9cule form\u00e9e de nucl\u00e9otides et d\u00e9finissant les caract\u00e8res d\u2019un individu. \u2022 Chromosome : Portion d’ADN condens\u00e9 \u2022 G\u00e8ne : Portion de chromosome (donc d\u2019ADN) d\u00e9terminant un caract\u00e8re (Ex : g\u00e8ne couleur des yeux de la drosophile) \u2022 All\u00e8le : Version d\u2019un g\u00e8ne (Exemple : Pour le g\u00e8ne […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":258,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"full-width-page-template.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-280","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nSVT-TS : Rappels et d\u00e9finitions en g\u00e9n\u00e9tique et \u00e9volution.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Cours de SVT - Terminale S : Rappels et d\u00e9finitions. structure de l'ADN, organisation du g\u00e9nome (chromosomes, g\u00e8nes, all\u00e8les), m\u00e9canismes de diversification du vivant et d'\u00e9volution (d\u00e9rive g\u00e9n\u00e9tique, s\u00e9lection naturelle, polyplo\u00efdisation ...), anomalies du caryotype (trisomie, aneuplo\u00efdies ...)\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/index.php\/terminales\/specialite-2\/la-transmission-des-caracteres-lors-de-la-reproduction-sexuee-meiose-et-fecondation\/rappels-et-definitions-en-genetique\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"SVT-TS : Rappels et d\u00e9finitions en g\u00e9n\u00e9tique et \u00e9volution.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Cours de SVT - 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