{"id":1647,"date":"2021-07-27T21:50:53","date_gmt":"2021-07-27T19:50:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/?page_id=1647"},"modified":"2023-02-10T13:46:14","modified_gmt":"2023-02-10T12:46:14","slug":"chapitre-4-evolution-des-etres-vivants","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/index.php\/secondes\/cours-de-svt-2nde\/chapitre-4-evolution-des-etres-vivants\/","title":{"rendered":"CHAPITRE 4.1 \u2013 La biodiversit\u00e9 actuelle et pass\u00e9e"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>La biodiversit\u00e9 correspond \u00e0 la <strong>variabilit\u00e9 des \u00eatres vivants \u00e0 un endroit donn\u00e9. <\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"titre-TP\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Livret-Biodiversite.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Activit\u00e9 biodiversit\u00e9<\/a> + <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/index.php\/secondes\/cours-de-svt-2nde\/chapitre-4-evolution-des-etres-vivants\/correction-du-livret-biodiversite\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Correction<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"color: #339966;\">Probl\u00e8me : Comment d\u00e9crire la diversit\u00e9 des \u00eatres vivants (= la biodiversit\u00e9) ?<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #bf1177;\"><strong><u>I- La biodiversit\u00e9 actuelle<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>La biodiversit\u00e9 peut \u00eatre d\u00e9crite \u00e0 trois niveaux :<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><u>A- La biodiversit\u00e9 des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes<\/u> :<\/strong><\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2301 alignright\" src=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Biodiv-Ecosystemes.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"508\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Biodiv-Ecosystemes.jpg 1305w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Biodiv-Ecosystemes-300x170.jpg 300w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Biodiv-Ecosystemes-1024x581.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Biodiv-Ecosystemes-768x436.jpg 768w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Biodiv-Ecosystemes-900x511.jpg 900w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Biodiv-Ecosystemes-1280x727.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>La biodiversit\u00e9 des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes d\u00e9crit la variabilit\u00e9 des milieux de vie sur Terre et des esp\u00e8ces qui y vivent<br \/>\n<\/strong><em>Ex : la for\u00eat temp\u00e9r\u00e9e, la prairie de  montagne, la mare, la for\u00eat tropicale \u2026 n&rsquo;abritent pas toutes les m\u00eames esp\u00e8ces<br \/>\n<\/em><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong>Un <strong><u>\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me<\/u><\/strong> est form\u00e9 d\u2019un <strong><u>biotope<\/u><\/strong>, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire un milieu de vie et ses conditions, et d\u2019une <strong><u>bioc\u00e9nose<\/u><\/strong>, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire un ensemble d\u2019\u00eatre vivants qui ont des relations entre eux.<\/p>\n<p>Le biotope impose des conditions (temp\u00e9rature, humidit\u00e9, nature du sol \u2026.) et la bioc\u00e9nose en impose d\u2019autres (pr\u00e9sence de nourriture, pr\u00e9sence de pr\u00e9dateurs, pr\u00e9sence de parasites \u2026.) qui d\u00e9terminent quelles esp\u00e8ces vivent dans l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me (donc qui d\u00e9terminent  la biodiversit\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me. )<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><u>B- La biodiversit\u00e9 sp\u00e9cifique (=des esp\u00e8ces)<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2303 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Biodiv-specifique.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"404\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Biodiv-specifique.jpg 1111w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Biodiv-specifique-300x201.jpg 300w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Biodiv-specifique-1024x685.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Biodiv-specifique-768x514.jpg 768w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Biodiv-specifique-900x602.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 404px) 100vw, 404px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>La biodiversit\u00e9 sp\u00e9cifique d\u00e9crit la variabilit\u00e9 des esp\u00e8ces qui vivent en un m\u00eame endroit.<br \/>\n<\/strong><em>Ex : En bord de mer : Algue brune, algue verte, crabe vert, mouette rieuse \u2026..<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Une esp\u00e8ce est aujourd\u2019hui d\u00e9crite comme un ensemble d\u2019\u00eatres vivants qui :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Se reproduisent entre eux<\/strong>, dont la <strong>descendance est fertile<\/strong>: c\u2019est le crit\u00e8re d\u2019interf\u00e9condit\u00e9<\/li>\n<li><strong>Qui<\/strong> <strong>ont plus de points communs entre eux qu\u2019avec des \u00eatres vivants d\u2019une autre esp\u00e8ce<\/strong> ( ressemblances issues d\u2019une \u00e9volution commune)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Qui ont des g\u00e8nes communs<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Cependant, cette notion d\u2019esp\u00e8ce est un concept cr\u00e9\u00e9 par l\u2019Homme, dont la d\u00e9finition a \u00e9volu\u00e9 au cours du temps, et dont les limites sont parfois floues <\/strong>(ex : hybrides qui deviennent fertiles, individus d\u2019une m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce qui ne s\u2019accouplent plus pour des raisons g\u00e9ographiques \u2026 )<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><u>C- La biodiversit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique ou intrasp\u00e9cifique<\/u><\/strong><\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2302 alignright\" src=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/biodiv-intraspecifique.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"470\" height=\"229\" srcset=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/biodiv-intraspecifique.jpg 1306w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/biodiv-intraspecifique-300x146.jpg 300w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/biodiv-intraspecifique-1024x499.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/biodiv-intraspecifique-768x374.jpg 768w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/biodiv-intraspecifique-900x438.jpg 900w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/biodiv-intraspecifique-1280x623.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 470px) 100vw, 470px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>La biodiversit\u00e9 intrasp\u00e9cifique d\u00e9crit la variabilit\u00e9 des individus appartenant \u00e0 une m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce.<br \/>\n<\/strong><em>Ex : Variabilit\u00e9 des couleurs des coccinelles asiatiques, Variabilit\u00e9 des groupes sanguins chez l\u2019Humain\u2026.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Cette biodiversit\u00e9 est <strong>d\u2019origine g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/strong> puisqu\u2019elle est due \u00e0 l\u2019existence de plusieurs<span style=\"color: #000080;\"> <a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/index.php\/terminales\/specialite-2\/la-transmission-des-caracteres-lors-de-la-reproduction-sexuee-meiose-et-fecondation\/rappels-et-definitions-en-genetique\/#defallele\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><u>all\u00e8les<\/u><\/strong><\/a> <\/span>pour un m\u00eame g\u00e8ne.<strong><br \/>\nLes \u00eatres vivants d\u2019une m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce ont les m\u00eames g\u00e8nes mais leurs all\u00e8les sont diff\u00e9rents, donc leur ph\u00e9notype est diff\u00e9rent. <\/strong>( Voir<span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/index.php\/secondes\/cours-de-svt-2nde\/chapitre-2-origine-des-differences-entre-les-etres-vivants\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> chapitre 2<\/a><\/span>)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2311\" src=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Schema-des-3-niveaux-de-biodiv.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"821\" height=\"524\" srcset=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Schema-des-3-niveaux-de-biodiv.png 998w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Schema-des-3-niveaux-de-biodiv-300x191.png 300w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Schema-des-3-niveaux-de-biodiv-768x490.png 768w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Schema-des-3-niveaux-de-biodiv-900x574.png 900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 821px) 100vw, 821px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #bf1177;\"><strong><u>II- La biodiversit\u00e9 est modifi\u00e9e au cours du temps<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"color: #339966;\"> Quels facteurs peuvent provoquer des modifications de grande ampleur de la biodiversit\u00e9 ?<\/span><\/p>\n<p>La biodiversit\u00e9 \u00e9volue au cours du temps : certaines esp\u00e8ces et certains groupes d\u2019esp\u00e8ce ont disparus (ex : les dinosaures non aviens ) et d\u2019autres sont apparus (ex : les mammif\u00e8res) par \u00e9volution d\u2019une autre esp\u00e8ce.<br \/>\nCes modifications s\u2019observent \u00e0 diff\u00e9rentes \u00e9chelles de temps : elles peuvent prendre quelques ann\u00e9es ou plusieurs si\u00e8cles<\/p>\n<div class=\"titre-TP\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">ACTIVITE : <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/TP7-Modifications-de-la-biodiv-et-crises-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>TP Modification de la biodiversit\u00e9<\/strong><\/a> + <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/index.php\/secondes\/cours-de-svt-2nde\/chapitre-4-evolution-des-etres-vivants\/correction-tp-modifications-de-la-biodiversite\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Correction<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><u> A- Les 5 crises biologiques majeures au cours de l\u2019histoire de la Terre<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2359 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/graph-crises-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"377\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/graph-crises-1.png 697w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/graph-crises-1-252x300.png 252w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 377px) 100vw, 377px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Les <strong><u>crises biologiques <\/u><\/strong>sont des p\u00e9riodes de modification intense et rapides de la biodiversit\u00e9.<br \/>\nElles sont marqu\u00e9es par des <strong>extinctions massives et rapides d\u2019esp\u00e8ces<\/strong> souvent s<strong>uivies d\u2019une p\u00e9riode de diversification de la biodiversit\u00e9<\/strong> lors desquelles de nouvelles esp\u00e8ces \u00e9mergent et se d\u00e9veloppent.<\/p>\n<p>Les crises peuvent \u00eatre dues \u00e0 des modifications climatiques, des \u00e9v\u00e8nements cataclysmiques (\u00e9ruptions, m\u00e9t\u00e9orites \u2026) ou, pour la derni\u00e8re en date, \u00e0 l\u2019Homme.<\/p>\n<p>On en d\u00e9nombre 5 majeures au cours de l&rsquo;histoire du vivant, et nous sommes actuellement dans le d\u00e9but d&rsquo;une 6\u00b0 crise biologique<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>La biodiversit\u00e9 actuelle n\u2019est donc qu\u2019une \u00e9tape de l\u2019histoire du monde vivant, <\/u><\/strong>et les esp\u00e8ces actuelles ne repr\u00e9sentent qu\u2019une toute petite partie des esp\u00e8ces qui ont exist\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2357 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/echelle-chrno.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"214\" height=\"404\" srcset=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/echelle-chrno.png 595w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/echelle-chrno-159x300.png 159w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/echelle-chrno-542x1024.png 542w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 214px) 100vw, 214px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Les crises biologiques sont \u00e9tudi\u00e9es gr\u00e2ce aux fossiles et ont permis aux g\u00e9ologues de cr\u00e9er un \u00ab calendrier de la Terre \u00bb en s\u00e9parant les \u00e8res g\u00e9ologiques par les crises biologiques majeures.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><u> B- Actuellement une 6\u00e8me crise biologique, uniquement d\u2019origine anthropique (= due \u00e0 l\u2019Humain)<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2358 alignright\" src=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Graph-6eme-crise.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"479\" height=\"404\" srcset=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Graph-6eme-crise.png 1334w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Graph-6eme-crise-300x253.png 300w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Graph-6eme-crise-1024x864.png 1024w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Graph-6eme-crise-768x648.png 768w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Graph-6eme-crise-900x759.png 900w, http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Graph-6eme-crise-1280x1079.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 479px) 100vw, 479px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Aujourd\u2019hui, de tr\u00e8s nombreuses esp\u00e8ces disparaissent de mani\u00e8re tr\u00e8s rapide<strong>. Nous sommes donc dans une nouvelle crise biologique<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Cette crise est due en grande partie aux activit\u00e9s humaines :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>La modification des conditions de vies (biotope) d\u2019\u00eatres vivants<\/strong> par la pollution et le r\u00e9chauffement climatique<\/li>\n<li><strong>La destruction des milieux de vie<\/strong> par pollution, utilisation de l\u2019espace pour l\u2019agriculture ou l\u2019industrialisation<\/li>\n<li><strong>La disparition d\u2019esp\u00e8ces \u00e0 cause de la surexploitation, la chasse, la p\u00e8che<\/strong> \u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/thibault-svt.fr\/index.php\/wp_quiz\/ch4-biodiversite-et-evolution\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>&#8211;&gt; Exercice de m\u00e9morisation du cours <\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La biodiversit\u00e9 correspond \u00e0 la variabilit\u00e9 des \u00eatres vivants \u00e0 un endroit donn\u00e9. Activit\u00e9 biodiversit\u00e9 + Correction &nbsp; Probl\u00e8me : Comment d\u00e9crire la diversit\u00e9 des \u00eatres vivants (= la biodiversit\u00e9) ? I- La biodiversit\u00e9 actuelle La biodiversit\u00e9 peut \u00eatre d\u00e9crite \u00e0 trois niveaux : A- La biodiversit\u00e9 des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes : La biodiversit\u00e9 des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes d\u00e9crit [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1633,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"full-width-page-template.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1647","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>CHAPITRE 4.1 \u2013 La biodiversit\u00e9 actuelle et pass\u00e9e - SVT<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Cours et TP - 3 niveaux de biodiversit\u00e9. 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